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Straight Outta Cottonwood: The Story of Northern California’s Outlaw MAGA Militia

Militias have become increasingly active in the last few years, including in Shasta County.

Modern United States militias are categorized by the Southern Poverty Law Center under its hate-groups umbrella as extremist organizations that have evolved into a far-right paramilitary wing of the antigovernment movement. Militias’ beliefs are their foundational core.

“Current militia members believe they are true patriots, with many holding onto the notion that they are modern day versions of 18th-century colonists who banded together to fight off the British,” says the SPLC.

When it comes to Northern California militia members, look no further than the Cottonwood Militia. This militia, also referred to as the Cottonwood Minutemen and the California State Militia Alpha Company, is deeply interwoven into Shasta County’s political and social fabric.

Although the North State’s most well-known militia is based in Cottonwood, its members – mostly men – live throughout Shasta County and neighboring counties. Since the Cottonwood Militia’s start, it’s conducted training exercises throughout Northern California.

The Cottonwood Militia was founded by Paul “Woody” Clendenen in a dusty barn at his Cottonwood ranch shortly after the 2008 Presidential Election. Politics play a big part in the militia mindset. The now 56-year-old Clendenen explained in a recent interview that he viewed Republican candidate John McCain as a “RINO,” that is, “Republican in Name Only”.

The fact that the Cottonwood Militia’s inception coincided with Barack Obama’s presidential election would not surprise anyone at the the SPLC.

“The militia movement is primarily driven by fear of gun confiscation, globalization and antigovernment conspiracy theories,” says the SPLC’s website. “Though these are perennial fears, the urgency to organize outside legitimate channels increases during liberal administrations.”

Woody Clendenen, founder of the Cottonwood Militia.

The Cottonwood Militia’s early days began when Clendenen invited about a dozen like-minded friends to his property for a meeting. Since then, Clendenen, who still serves as the militia’s commander, estimates he and fellow militia members have trained more than 1,000 recruits. The Cottonwood Militia was founded around the same time as the California State Militia in Sacramento. The California State Militia contains four different companies based in different regions of central and southern California.

Shasta County District 4 Supervisor Patrick Jones and newly elected District 5 Supervisor Chris Kelstrom are both known supporters of the Cottonwood Militia.

Woody Clendenen (left) and newly elected District 5 Supervisor Chris Kelstrom wear shirts that say “Shas-Taliban Militia”. Doni Chamberlain of A News Café coined the term “Shas-Taliban”.

At any given moment, the militia can mobilize one hundred or more people; as witnessed at a peaceful downtown Redding protest June 2 of 2020. The protest was against racial inequality following George Floyd’s death.

The protesters were nearly outnumbered by hundreds of armed militia members and “additional help” described by Clendenen as everyone from bikers to cowboys who showed up to ostensibly “keep the peace” at the protest.

As previously reported, several militia insiders were adamant in their claims that some Redding Police Department officers and some Shasta County Sheriff’s deputies were in communication with key militia members during the June 2020 protest. According to militia insiders, some law enforcement personnel kept in touch with some militia members as both backup, as well to request militia members check out rumors of “suspicious” activity throughout the city, such as later-refuted reports of trucks loaded with pallets of bricks driven by BLM and Antifa parked off Hilltop Drive. Redding Police Cheif Bill Schueller and then-Shasta County Sheriff Eric Magrini both denied those allegations.

In December 2020, at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, the militia distributed posters to local businesses that said any forced closure of businesses to prevent the spread of COVID-19 would be met with resistance from the militia.

Militia poster distributed to local businesses during the pandemic.

When the far-right recall movement was at its peak in 2022, members of the militia repeatedly showed up at Shasta County Board of Supervisor meetings, an action that resulted in feelings of fear and apprehension among many anti-recall proponents.

This August 2020 speech during the Shasta County Board of Supervisors’ public comment period by militia member and militia organizer Jesse Lane is one example.

<h5>Warning: ‘Shasta County will not be peaceful much longer'</h5>

The topic of Redding’s 2020 peaceful protest reared its head again the following year during a Freedom Coalition meeting at the Church of Glad Tidings in Live Oak, Calif., where Clendenen was a speaker.

There, he boasted that a Redding police officer confided in Clendenen that had it not been for the militia’s presence, officers “would have gassed the protesters.” 

This statement was also denied by Redding’s police chief.

Sources close to law enforcement who spoke on the condition of anonymity suggested that the Redding police chief and Shasta County sheriff were unaware of, and did not condone communications between possible individual deputies/officers and militia members.

Cottonwood Militia members showed up at the 2020 protest for racial equality in Redding. Bottom left: Clendenen (black shirt with crossed arms) and militia member Dan Scoville to his right. Bottom right: Militia member Randy Hubbard gives a thumbs up.

Newly discovered and previously unpublished photographs of some militia members who attended the 2020 protest for racial equality in Redding.

Newly discovered and previously unpublished photographs of some militia members who attended the 2020 protest for racial equality in Redding.

“Old west” Cottonwood

Cottonwood is a small, unincorporated rural Shasta County bedroom community inhabited by about 3,300 people. In 2020, 70 to 80 percent of Cottonwood precincts voted for Trump – in similar fashion as other parts of Shasta County. Cottonwood’s population is 86 percent white, and mostly working- and middle-class residents.

Cottonwood was established in 1849 as a Gold Rush stagecoach town. Today, the Cottonwood Chamber of Commerce describes the town as a 19th-century frontier town. “The old west look and feel makes it a place where you can relax and enjoy,” says the chamber of commerce website.

Some say that “relax and enjoy” is for those who stay on the right side of the militia.

According to Clendenen, some militia notables include the Cottonwood Chamber of Commerce president, and some local water board and school board members.

Clendenen, who actually lives in Tehama County, owns a barbershop in Cottonwood, where he sometimes displays the Confederate Flag.

The Confederate flag flying outside of Woody Clendenen’s barbershop in Cottonwood.

Across the street from Clendenen’s barber shop is the 1st Battalion/1rst California State Militia Regiment.

Clendenen is a staunch supporter of the radical State of Jefferson separatist movement, and he played a major role in the far-right movement’s infiltration in Shasta County’s political system. Clendenen wears many hats outside of his militia involvement. He is a cast member in Red, White and Blueprint’s far-right media propaganda docuseries, and a B-movie actor in Rene Perez films.

The center of a Woody Clendenen Facebook profile picture features a photo from his bit-acting gig in a B-movie created by local filmmaker Rene Perez.

An outlaw militia

According to Georgetown University’s Institute for Advocacy and Protection, “All 50 states prohibit private, unauthorized militias and military units from engaging in activities reserved for the state militia, including law enforcement activities”.

Under California law, it is illegal to form a “paramilitary organization” of two or more people that is not an agency of the U.S. government or the state of California that provides “instruction or training in guerilla warfare or sabotage”. California Penal Code says that “any two or more persons who assemble as a paramilitary organization for the purpose of practicing with weapons shall be punished by imprisonment in a county jail for not more than one year or by a fine of not more than one thousand dollars”.

The Cottonwood Militia is, in fact, an unlawful entity; an outlaw militia. Even so, to this reporter’s knowledge, in the  Cottonwood Militia’s entire 15-year history, it has operated in full view and with tacit approval of law enforcement without any legal ramifications or consequences.

This is despite the fact that instruction or training in guerilla warfare is exactly what the Cottonwood Militia provides for its members. The militia has actively led guerilla warfare training sessions for its members across Northern California during the last 15 years. YouTube contains scores of amateur videos of numerous militia training events. Sometimes militia training sessions in Northern California even attract militia members from other parts of the state.

In one video shared on YouTube in 2014, dozens of militiamen gathered at the Perry Riffle Trailhead north of Red Bluff along the Sacramento River to train in guerrilla warfare tactics. Attendees in the video were heavily armed and dressed in full military fatigue. As seen in the video, militia members at the Perry Riffle event were trained on how to conduct a traffic stop, how to remove a driver from a vehicle at gunpoint, how to search detained suspects, and how to search vehicles for bombs and other contraband.

Trainers at the session also taught attendees how to find safe cover if a vehicle being searched for a bomb was at risk for explosion. The event also included firearms training. Dressed in full military garb, Clendenen, with a handgun strapped to his side, participated in the event.

Clendenen at the Perry Riffle Cottonwood Militia training event.

Militia members at the Perry Riffle Cottonwood Militia training event.

Militia members at Perry Riffle event practicing traffic stops.

The Perry Riffle militia training event is just one of many training events of its kind that have taken place in the North State over the last 15 years.

Supporters of the Cottonwood Militia justify their organization’s existence due to protection under the passage of the Constitution’s Second Amendment that says, “A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed”.

However, others argue that the Second Amendment only protects a well-regulated militia that’s authorized and controlled by the government, not an armed group of private citizens who conduct combat guerilla training and act as self-appointed law-enforcement officials.

Militia youth camp

In addition to holding events to train its own members, the militia has also hosted numerous youth camps for boys in the Cottonwood area. In 2018, the Cottonwood Militia held a “junior militiamen camp” in Cottonwood for boys 10-14 years old. The event took place on a 10-acre piece of property just outside of Cottonwood owned by Robin Arnold-Bidwell.

The militiamen youth camp was operated by Clendenen and several militia members. Boys who attended the camp learned about firearm safety and survival skills. Clendenen explains, in the YouTube video recorded at the youth camp, that the goal was to also teach children about “American values” and the Constitution, and to provide them with male role models.

Top: Cottonwood Militia members who trained children at the junior militiamen camp; Bottom: Pictures from the junior militiamen camp.

Top left: A child who trained at a Cottonwood Militia junior militiamen camp. He holds a pamphlet that says he completed CSM Level 2.

“We think it’s important for them to learn skills to survive out here,” said militia member and youth-camp leader Dan Scoville in the video. Scoville is a First Sergeant in the militia.

In the same video, militiaman Chuck Wicks added that militia members try to teach kids things they can take to school with them, and things that will make them “better men”. Militia member Mike Ramirez added that the militia camp was designed to teach kids how to respond if their school was attacked by an active shooter. Ramirez is a sergeant in the militia and a U.S. Army veteran. He is a rehabilitation specialist who moved to Cottonwood about seven years ago.

Ramirez also said the militia youth camps help young men who come from fatherless households.

Photo source: video screen grab.

Single mothers and “strong Christian young men”

“My boys have had the privilege of attending this camp that the amazing men of the California State Militia Alpha Company put on for our community’s children,” said mother and Cottonwood resident Dusty Steele in a Facebook post in which she thanks the militia. Steele tagged Clendenen, Wicks, and Ramirez in the Facebook post.

“These men are pillars of our community, leaders, role models, community activists, and I’m lucky enough to call them my friends,” said Steele.

Not long after the 2018 militia youth camp, Scoville posted a video about the militia youth camps on YouTube. The video reemphasized the point that the militia was a positive force for young men in Cottonwood. The video started with a mother from the Cottonwood area who claimed that after the boy’s father had passed away, the militia taught her son crucial values that every boy should know.

“I think our country’s been going the wrong direction for a long time now,” Clendenen says in the video. “So we take these boys out and teach ‘em some repelling, some gun safety – but we also teach them it’s a good thing to be a strong Christian young man”.

As Clendenen said, “strong Christian young men” the video panned to an image of a man in camo gear cocking a shotgun in front of a group of boys.

A child learns how to fire a rifle at a Cottonwood Militia junior camp.

The remainder of the video showed young men of various ages who attended the youth camp fighting with each other as Clendenen and other militia members and young boys stood in a circle and watched.

“These are the principles we instill in our young men,” said Scoville after the fighting scene.

Boys engage in fighting exercises at a Cottonwood Militia junior camp.

Military veterans and private military security experience

Clendenen was a guest on a recent KCNR State of Jefferson radio podcast with fellow militia members Randy Hubbard and Todd Hambly. Hambly is a First Sergeant in the militia. Hubbard is what he described as a “maneuver specialist”.

Photographs of Hubbard in his Cottonwood Militia gear. Top left, Hubbard shares on Facebook his photo of fellow militia members at the 2020 Redding protest.

During the State of Jefferson podcast, Clendenen told host Terry Rapoza that the militia is composed of men who previously served in various branches of the military, some of whom have also worked for private military security companies. Clendenen said these men help lead training sessions for members of the militia.

“John Law and Ralph Powers both spent $50,000 on the training they have and stuff and they impart all of that to you for joining and helping out the community,” said Clendenen regarding two fellow militiamen. Both Law and Powers previously worked as private military security agents for the beleaguered Blackwater company. Law is also a U.S. Marine Corp veteran.

Law owns and operates Mountain Tactical Training in French Gulch. Law’s business is located 26 miles north of Highway 299 in a mountainous and sparsely populated section of western Shasta County. Law, the primary trainer, teaches military tactics and tactical coordination courses, and firearm training courses that feature live fire drills.

“We offer serious pistol and carbine classes for use on the street,” says Mountain Tactical Training’s Facebook page.

Collegial birds of a feather: The militia and the Proud Boys

In June of 2016, Powers attended the speech given by President Trump at the Redding Airport. Powers had his picture taken with far-right extremist Joe Biggs at the event. Biggs is a leader of the Proud Boys.

The Southern Poverty Law Center says about rank-and-file Proud Boys leaders: “(they) regularly spout white nationalist memes and maintain affiliations with known extremists. They are known for anti-Muslim and misogynistic rhetoric.”

Biggs was indicted for seditious conspiracy charges for his role in the 2021 U.S. Capitol Attack. The Proud Boys’ Jan. 6 seditious conspiracy case involving Biggs is currently in progress.

Powers and Biggs at the Trump rally and speech at the Redding Airport with an additional photograph of Powers and the back window of his truck.

The Cottonwood Militia’s connection to the Proud Boys does not stop there. Hubbard, who also appeared on the podcast with Clendenen and Hambly, talked and laughed with five members of the Proud Boys outside of the Shasta County Superior Court building at Carlos Zapata’s arraignment in July of 2021.

Hubbard is no stranger to A News Cafe. Inside a Shasta County Superior Courtroom on the day of Zapata’s arraignment, a laughing Hubbard sat next to News Cafe publisher Doni Chamberlain, pressed himself against her left leg, and leaned his body over hers in a show of reading her notes until she told him to stop.

Zapata, a member of the Cottonwood Militia and well-known far-right extremist, was found guilty of disturbing the peace by fighting — but acquitted of the battery charge — after participating in an attack on a Redding resident who had publicly mocked and criticized far-right extremists in Shasta County on social media.

Clendenen helped organize the protest event. It attracted dozens of local Zapata supporters. Hubbard attempted to block A News Café from photographing the Proud Boys at the pro-Zapata protest. Zapata later said on social media that the Proud Boys who attended the protest were “good men”.

Hubbard and the Proud Boys at Carlos Zapata’s arraignment.

Hubbard’s second ANC encounter occurred during a protest organized by Clendenen against Shasta County’s district  attorney in front of the courthouse. Hubbard, to the delight of many fellow protesters, turned to Chamberlain and loudly addressed her as a “piece of shit”.

Hubbard holds an American flag as A News Cafe publisher Doni Chamberlain (in the straw hat) takes notes, moments after Hubbard called Chamberlain a “piece of shit”.

Incidentally, just a few days before the Proud Boys appeared at Zapata’s arraignment, a Black Lives Matter poster in the window of a small hippie-themed gift shop in downtown Red Bluff known as Wild Oak was defaced with a State of Jefferson Proud Boys sticker. Wild Oak is about a 2-minute walk from Zapata’s downtown Red Bluff bar and restaurant known as the Palomino Room.

At the time, many people suspected that one or more of the Proud Boys who showed up in Redding to support Zapata could have visited Zapata at his Red Bluff establishment and placed the sticker on the window.

Those suspicions were recently bolstered as highly probably. Robert Sunday, one of the Proud Boys who attended the protest and whose identity was later confirmed by internet sleuths, recently shared a picture of himself posing in front of the sticker on his Telegram account. Sunday, who goes by TheBeard77 on Telegram and lives in the Sacramento area, is flashing the white power “OK” hand gesture in the photograph.

Top left, Robert Sunday at Zapata’s hearing. Top right, State of Jefferson Proud Boys sticker on window of Wild Oak. Bottom, Sunday’s Facebook page (which no longer exists) shows connections with  Zapata.

Robert Sunday poses in front of the State of Jefferson Proud Boys sticker that appeared on the Wild Oak window within 24 hours of Zapata’s arraignment.

The Southern Poverty Law Center classifies the Proud Boys a hate group. Redding appeared on the SPLC’s 2021 United States “Hate Map” for the Proud Boys’ appearance in Redding.

“Cottonwood justice”

In the same KCNR Sate of Jefferson podcast, Clendenen, Hambly, and Hubbard explained the positive activities the militia undertakes. For example, Cottonwood Militia members have cleaned up litter left behind in homeless encampments. Cottonwood Militia members have helped with community fundraisers and events. Cottonwood Militia members have filled sandbags during times of storms and floods. Cottonwood Militia members have aided residents and livestock during wildfire evacuations.

But there’s no disputing the fact that in addition to all those attributes, the Cottonwood Militia is a Proud-Boys-friendly, illegal, unlawful paramilitary force that provides militaristic support for far-right North State causes.

Case in point, Hubbard was among militia members who showed up at the June 2020 racial inequality protest in Redding. Hubbard said he had been doing training on his own before joining the militia.

In the podcast, Clendenen and his fellow militiamen also claimed that the militia helps fight crime, and was formed in part because citizens’ 911 calls often went without response, mainly due to a scarcity of available responding deputies. All three men told of a few instances when the militia ran people out of Cottonwood who they deemed a threat.

“Cottonwood justice” is how Clendenen described how the militia handles law-breaking individuals they perceive as causing problems.

“We had some stuff get stolen and we saw a video of where it went and we went there,” Clendenen said about some recent militia activity. “We were proactive, knocked on their door, had a little visit with them, walked through their house and they did not ask us to leave”.

As Clendenen concluded his story, Hambly and Hubbard sat silently, grinning.

Clendenen said in the podcast that law enforcement officials cannot always be trusted when it comes to taking care of crime in places like Cottonwood, and he expounded upon anti-law enforcement sentiments. Clendenen and the podcast guests explained their distrust of many federal-level law enforcement officials; even the rank-and-file, Clendenen said. These statements were made despite the fact that some members of the militia have close ties with many local law enforcement officials.

Cottonwood Militia featured in cable TV docuseries

The Cottonwood Militia was recently featured in a portion of an episode of the Vice TV docuseries “QAnon: The Search for Q”. The program’s choice to report on the militia is an indication of militias’ influence and activity. Much of the footage in the section of the episode that focused on the militia was filmed at Clendenen’s Cottonwood ranch.

The episode also featured footage of militiamen like Hubbard and others firing high-powered firearms at an undisclosed location. Shasta County District 4 Supervisor and chair Patrick Jones was interviewed for the episode, presented as a militia ally and friend. As he spoke, Jones stood behind the counter of Jones’ Fort, his family’s Redding gun shop.

District 4 Shasta County Supervisor Patrick Jones at Jones Fort, as seen in RW&B Episode 5. Jones was also interviewed at the family gun shop for the Vice TV docuseries “QAnon: The Search for Q”.

Jones said Shasta County is a conservative county and that it should be represented by conservatives; a point he’s repeated on several occasions. He also explained that gun sales have skyrocketed of late at his family’s gun shop. Jones was asked what role faith played in the far-right movement in Shasta County. He said that “your rights come from God” and that the Constitution backs this up.

Shasta County District 4 Supervisor Patrick Jones.

Despite the fact that Shasta County’s population is only slightly more 182,000 people, it is home to the greatest number of concealed carry firearm permits per capita in California. The number of unpermitted Shasta County firearms is unknown.

Nevertheless, what is known is that there’s a growing number of North State gun owners who refuse to apply for gun permits because they view gun-ownership as a God-given right, and they will not seek government permission for such a right. One high-profile example is newly elected District 5 Supervisor Chris Kelstrom, who boldly claimed during campaign forums that he carries a firearm without a CCW permit.

Shasta County Sheriff’s Office Lieutenant Tyler Thompson also owns a gun shop known as Redding Guns LLC. Politicians and law enforcement officials are actively participating in arming Shasta County’s population.

Clendenen gave a brief history of the militia in the Vice TV episode and fired off his handgun at a target for the camera person. Clendenen said recruitment in his militia is 10 times what it was before 2010.

Clendenen firing at a target in the Vice TV episode.

Hubbard (top) and other members of the Cottonwood Militia in the Vice TV episode.

Clendenen was asked by the hosts of the episode what would make him “pull the trigger”. He said the confiscation of guns would do it. Clendenen said 2 million people would join militias in California if guns were taken away.

He’ll shoot you in your face if you vaccinate his kids

The most notable comments in the episode were made by Zapata.

“We need a great divorce. I hate to say it. It’s complete subversion of society, is what they want. Right? I mean that’s what the other side wants,” said Zapata.

“Stock food, stock ammunition, stock your weapons, teach your kids how to use those things. I hope somebody else fires the first bullet. I don’t want it to be me”.

The hosts also asked Zapata what it would take for him to use his firearm.

“If they came to my home and tried to take my guns. If they came to my home and tried to vaccinate my kids. I will go to your fucking house and I will shoot you in the face if I found out that my kid went to school and you vaccinated ‘em. You know, I don’t care who you are, you’re dying if you vaccinate my kids”.

Zapata has, on serval occasions, taught self-defense courses for local law enforcement officials, and is close friends with many law enforcement officials, such as Nathan Mendes. Just like the militia, law enforcement also relies upon military veterans to assist with training.

Zapata in the Vice TV episode.

If militias are illegal, why are they allowed to continue?

Retired Shasta County Public Defender Jeffrey Gorder told A News Café that one of the difficulties faced by law enforcement when it comes to the law prohibiting militias is that law enforcement generally criminalizes the “act” and not “organization”. This leaves groups that call themselves militias to be protected under the First Amendment so long as they don’t engage in criminal activity.

Gorder provided a theory as to why law enforcement does not go after the militia.

“Most of the so-called ‘militias’ tend to form in rural area of the country where there is often an unwillingness on the part of local law enforcement to take an adversarial position against these organizations” Gorder said, who added that is highly possible that this is the case in Shasta County.

“Much of the anti-government philosophy which animates the militia is often shared by the sheriff of the jurisdiction,” added Gorder.

Gorder also explained that he senses that state governments do not think it is worth the trouble to act against militias unless they are undertaking some kind of criminal activity or explicit paramilitary activity.

Gorder emphasized that militias can be dangerous. He cited Oklahoma City Bomber Timothy McVeigh’s involvement in a militia, and the Michigan Militia’s recent attempt to kidnap Governor Whitmer as examples. Militias were also present at the Unite to Fight Rally in Charlottesville and the Jan. 6 U.S. Capitol Attack.

“The potential for violence on the part of these militia members is significant,” Gorder said. “They are completely unregulated, obviously, and that is why they clearly fall outside the 2nd Amendment’s reference to a ‘well regulated militia’.”

Cottonwood Militia member Mike Cendejas wears a shirt that says LGBT (Liberty, Guns, Beer, Trump).

North State militia recap

The North State militia is an influential paramilitary organization with an unknown number of chapters and members. As Clendenen has boasted, the Cottonwood Militia has trained more than 1,000 members. It has also held training camps for young men, especially those raised by single-mothers who are perhaps more vulnerable to the influence of the militia.

Some Cottonwood Militia members take pride in their defiance against COVID-19 mandates, as well as intimidation of racial-equality activists. What’s more, some upper-echelon militia members played key roles in the February 2022 recall of former District 1 Supervisor Leonard Moty.

Most recently, there are militia ties to the far-right Shasta County Board of Supervisors majority.

Some militia members disrupted polls workers in recent Shasta County elections, and there are examples of strong ties between the militia and the Proud Boys. Finally, the Cottonwood militia continues to patrol Cottonwood roads and beyond.

Straight outta Cottonwood, comes rural Northern California’s outlaw MAGA militia. Like it or not; ready or not. Militia members live here, too.

Correction: An earlier version of this story inadvertently reported Carlos Zapata’s charges. He was found guilty of disturbing the peace by fighting — but acquitted of the battery charge.

(Editor’s note: This story was revised for clarity at 11:36 a.m. on Jan. 29, 2023.)

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Shawn Schwaller

Opinion writer and reporter Shawn Schwaller grew up in Red Bluff, California. He is an assistant professor in the History Department at California State University, Chico and holds a Ph.D. in history and an M.A. in American studies. Schwaller specializes in North State stories about law-enforcement corruption and far-right politics. He can be reached at schwaller.anewscafe@yahoo.com and welcomes your story tips.

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